William Jackson Rutherford in "The Courage of the Early Morning"

William Jackson Rutherford, our family's WWI flying ace, has two mentions in William Arthur Bishop's biography of his father, war hero Billy Bishop.  Here's the first reference:

"That evening he [Bishop] talked to the three pilots who had been assigned to his flight that day. Young had already taken them on a practice formation flight and his report of their flying abilities was highly favourable.  'They stick together well', he told Bishop, 'and they're likely-looking fighters too.

There was the small intense Spencer Horn, with sleek hair parted in the middle, a former infantryman who had fought on the same ground he would now fly over. William Mays Fry, a short man with a quick wit and a willingness to learn all his more experienced comrades could teach him about aerial fighting tactics...A fellow-Canadian completed the trio.  He was Jack Rutherford, wiry but strong. He had served with the 23rd Canadian Battalion before transferring to the RFC.  Young told Bishop that Rutherford showed an uncanny sense of timing. He had landed the Nieuport so smoothly that it was difficult to realize it was his maiden trip in the machine. 

Bishop grunted.  His own landing technique had not improved noticeably.  He took Young and his new flight members over to the mess for a drink.  Jack Scott came in and hobbled across to the bar and slapped Bishop on the back.  'Drinks are on you tonight, Bish,' the squadron commander grinned. 'Word just came in from Brigade--they've awarded you the military cross."

A short time later, Jackson took part in a risky experiment devised by Bishop:

"The unusually mild-mannered Jack Scott snorted when he read the opening sentence of Bishop's operational report on April 22, 1917.  'While leading a patrol I dived to the assistance of Major Scott who was being attacked by five enemy single-seaters two thousand feet below.'...

Bishop grinned.  It was true that Scott needed 'assistance' because he had volunteered, against his better judgment, to become the bait in a trap of Bishop's devising.  The trap required a special combination of good weather and cloud cover, which seldom arrived together in the April sky of northern France.  On this day Bishop's flight--Young, Horn, Fry, and Rutherford, with Scott tagging along--found the combination ten thousand feet above the city of Lens;  two great pillars of white cloud hovered in a clear blue sky.  Between the pillars was a snowy cavern a mile wide.  Bishop and his boys circled to the southwest over Vimy Ridge.  Jack Scott circled at eight thousand feet, waiting to be attacked. 

Soon Scott was attacked by five enemy planes whose pilots obviously hadn't been able to see Bishop and his companions lurking above.  Scott pretended not to see the Germans until they were almost upon him:

"Not until the five planes closed in on him with guns blazing did Scott turn to meet them.  Bishop had seen the German planes even before Scott.  He and his flight mates dived at full throttle into the formation.  Bishop opened fire on the nearest machine from ten yards.  Smoke spewed from it instantly and it plummeted down in a crazy spin.  Bishop turned on the plane at his right, closed to within five yards and pressed the button.  Bullets spluttered all about the pilot.  His head fell forward and the plane turned on its side and dived out of control.  Bishop had shot down two planes before his companions, who had started a few seconds behind him, could reach the scene.  The remaining Germans fled.  Young, Horn, Fry and Rutherford pursued them until they were out of sight.  Bishop pulled up beside Scott to make sure he was all right.  Scott grinned and waved his hand."

I can just imagine the adrenaline rush that must have come during an outing like this!  Bishop was obviously quite a daredevil.  It must have taken a very steady nerve to be on his flight team.

William Jackson Rutherford, Ace Pilot in the Great War

Advertising for young Canadian men to train as fighter pilots.  1918. 

Family lore has it that William Jackson Rutherford, son of William Rutherford Jr. and Ida Bulmer, was a pilot in WWI and flew with Canadian hero Billy Bishop.  My in-laws say that Jackson is the pilot who flew the longest with Bishop without actually dying.  I've decided to look into this story and see what I can discover about Jackson's military career.

Billy Bishop, who is believed to be the all-time Canadian Flying Ace, with 72 claimed victories. 

From Library and Archives Canada, here is Jackson's attestation paper.  He joined up on February 23, 1915.  He is 19 years old, and a student at McGill in applied science (engineering).

It will probably take me a few weeks to order his military record from the Canadian archives.  But interestingly, he has a British military record, which I was able to download directly from the British Archives.  It covers the period from July 2, 1918, to April 1, 1919, so not even a year.  It does provide some fascinating information.  Jackson begins this period as a Lieutenant, and is promoted to Temporary Captain and then Captain/Flight Commander fairly promptly. He is part of the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force Unit 65 very briefly, and later Unit 60, where Bishop was also posted. Jackson seems to have had a few injuries, which are not described, but can be inferred from some periods when he is temporarily unfit for service or fit for only limited (ground) service.  My favourite part is the description of his experience, particularly the planes he has flown:  Nieuport Scout, M.F.S.H. (Maurice Farman S11 Shorehorn), M.F.L.H.  Avro, Bristol Scout, Nieuport 2 seater, Sopwith 2 seater (also known as a Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter), and the  Curtiss JN4.  Here's an example of what these kinds of planes looked like:

Sopwith 2 Seater Aircraft

As you can see, the pilot was quite exposed.  The fatality rate for pilots on active duty in these kinds of aircraft was extremely high.

Insight into an earlier period of Jackson's military service is seen on the Aerodrome website. The site has a picture of Jackson in his uniform, and a list of his eight "victories" in 1917 (a "victory" means an enemy plane shot down and destroyed during combat).  To be considered a "flying ace", you must have five or more victories, so William Jackson Rutherford is included in the number of Canadian flying aces of WWI.

William Jackson Rutherford in unifom. 

There is also a copy of Jackson's Aviator Certificate, which he earned on February 26, 1917, at the Catterick Bridge Military School.

The victories listed on this site are located at Dury (France) on June 25, 1917, Ypres-Roules (France) on September 22, 1917, Houthoulst (Belgium) on October 21, 1917, Westroosebeke (Belgium) on October 28, 1917, Moreslede (Belgium) twice (about a half hour apart ) on November 1, 1917, Zonnebeke (Belgium) on November 6, and again at Westroosebeke, on November 8, 1917.

Jackson Rutherford is mentioned several times in the book 60 Squadron R.A.F.:  A History of the Squadron from its Formation, by Group-Captain A.J.L Scott.  On page 66 Jackson is listed as one of ten men, including Billy Bishop, "distinguishing themselves and adding to the squadron's laurels" in July and August 1917.  The first descriptive mention of Jackson comes on p. 69, which says that "During the 3rd Corps attack on August 19, 1917, Lieuts. Jenkins, Steele, Rutherford, and Sergt. Bancroft did good work shooting up infantry in trenches and by harassing the troops assembling for counter-attacks.". 

Next (on p. 69-70) we hear that:

"On September 7, 1917, the squadron was moved up to the XI wing to help in the battles for the Passchendale Ridge, which were already in full swing.  Leaving the comfortable Filescamp station, and the hard tennis-court with great regret, they were moved into tents on Marie Capelle aerodrome, near Cassel, where 20 Squadron was already stationed.  The 2nd and 5th armies were then attacking almost every day, and 60, in addition to their ordinary work of offensive patrols, wireless interception etc., co-operated by low flying and firing at troops and transport on the ground.  Twenty-five pound Cooper bombs were carried at this time and dropped on suitable targets. 

Capt. Chidlaw-Roberts, Lieuts. Rutherford, Whiting, and I. Macgregor were now prominent..."

The final mention of Jackson appears on p. 73:

"During this autumn series of battles a somewhat novel system of message-dropping was tried. All scout pilots were ordered to carry cards conveniently fixed in the nacelle, on which they wrote such information as they had secured during low-flying patrols;  special attention was to be given to the massing of enemy supporting troops and to the development of counter-attacks, the symptoms of which were the approach to the "debussing" points of motor transport vehicles or trains from which troops can be seen disembarking and forming up.  These cards were slipped into a message bag and dropped in a field marked with a white cross, near Locre Chateau...The information thus given occasionally enabled our heavy artillery to direct their fire on to the targets indicated...Lieuts. F. Soden, W. Rutherford, and W. Duncan all distinguished themselves by giving accurate information during these battles..."

This book is a very readable account of the living and fighting conditions of the Squadron, full of anecdotes and interesting details which bring the world Jackson inhabited for several intense months to life.  We learn about the food which was served in the Mess Hall in France:  "Soup (mock turtle), toast;  fish (grilled sole, mustard sauce);  entree (beefsteak, pastry, boiled potatoes, green peas);  sweets (stewed prunes, cornstarch pudding);  biscuits, cheese, coffee."  Other comforts including "moving picture shows ...given every night or so in a church army hut in the camp."  There was at least one black pilot in the squadron ("The unlucky lad who drew me [as a tennis partner] is a "coloured troop" that is he hails from South Africa" writes one soldier in a letter home), but racism is very evident:

"All the heavy labour in this part of France is now being done by Chinese coolies, brought specially from China for this purpose.  They are enlisted as soldiers and wear a peculiar blue padded uniform. They are employed around the aerodrome levelling ground, putting sand- bags around the huts as a protection against bombs, making roads and paths, etc.  They are terribly interested in our phonograph [i.e. they would like to listen to the music the other soldiers enjoy], and if we leave the door open they almost come in.  To keep them out, the interpreter has painted a large sign in chinese characters, and it sticks up in front of the mess, and gives it quite an oriental appearance." 

Scott's book talks about the high mortality rate of the pilots but also about the dangers of capture.  The battles overwhelmingly tended to be over enemy airspace, and if a plane was downed any pilot or crew member that survived would probably end up in a P.O.W. camp.  It also describes pilots in damaged aircraft having gasoline leaking onto their laps or their shoes.  The overall tone of the book is actually quite cheerful and adventurous.  I'm looking forward to finding out more about Jackson and his military service.

Westmount Soldier's Wives League

I'm always excited when I discover something about the lives of women in our family.  They're more elusive than the men, but no less interesting.  Here's an organization that the Rutherford and Scott women involved themselves with during World War One, or "The Great War" as it was called at the time:  

The Westmount News, November 6, 1914

ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVEN WESTMOUNT WOMEN ENROLL IN SOLDIER'S WIVES LEAGUE

"At the first business meeting of the Westmount Soldier's Wives League held Wednesday morning in Victoria Hall, Westmount, with Mrs. William Rutherford in the chair, the following ladies enrolled in the League:  ...Mrs. William Rutherford....Mrs. A. Rutherford...Mrs. Arthur H. Scott....
It was decided that the League should hold a meeting every Wednesday morning at 10:30 o'clock in Victoria Hall.    Groups of workers were formed to sew and knit for the Westmount Rifles, and it was announced that the Lady Scott chapter of the Daughters of the Empire would make and donate the 'housewives' for the regiment...." 

A "housewife" was a sewing kit that a soldier could carry around with him, with needle, thread, buttons, etc.

An example of a WWI sewing kit or "housewife"--this one is American.

This one is British.

Mrs. William Rutherford (Ida Bulmer) was the chair of the first meeting, although her husband, William Rutherford Jr., would have been 50 years old in 1914, and was unlikely to go to war.  William and Ida Rutherford's son (my husband's grandfather) John Bulmer Rutherford enlisted on March 21, 1916, at the age of 20.  We have in our possession a diary he kept during his training period.  He emerged safely from the conflict. 

Mrs. Arthur H. Scott (Minnie Davis) was not the wife of a soldier either. Her husband Arthur was 49 years old at the time.  She was the mother of Howard Elliot Scott, who did enlist on August 4, 1915.  He died at the Battle of Courcellette, September 16, 1916 (this battle was part of the Somme offensive).

Mrs. A. Rutherford was perhaps the wife of Andrew Rutherford.  Andrew was the brother of William Jr., and married a woman named Florence Mathilda Cornelia Paris on June 7, 1905.   However, their children, born between 1906 and 1910, would have been too young to enlist in this conflict. 

It seems that you did not actually have to be a soldier's wife to join...perhaps just a woman wanting to contribute to the war effort.

A postcard, circa 1910, from the McCord Museum, of Victoria Hall, where the League met weekly.

What was the scope of this organization?  There are a few more mentions of the League in Montreal newspapers over the course of the war.  The Montreal Gazette ran this column on  January 6, 1915:

WILL PAY MONTHLY FEES

MEETING OF WESTMOUNT SOLDIERS' WIVES' LEAGUE

" The Westmount Soldiers' Wives' League held their first meeting of the New Year in Victoria Hall yesterday morning.  There was a lengthy discussion over the question  of monthly fees, with the final decision that each member should pay the sum of twenty-five cents per month.  It was also decided to hold a monthly meeting of a social nature for the wives of the Westmount Rifles men, the first of these to be held from three to six on the afternoon of January 20th in the lodge room of Victoria Hall...The visiting report showed twenty-one families now on the league's visiting list.  A letter received from Major Stewart, thanking the league for the plum puddings supplied for the Christmas dinners for the Army Service Corps,  was read at the meeting.

The ladies will continue their knitting meetings for some time longer, and sewing meetings will be started soon. Mrs. Edmund Sheppard will be at Victoria Hall every Saturday morning from eleven to twelve to give out wool and receive completed work.  At the meeting at half-past ten next Saturday the Rev. A.P. Shatford will give an address."  

On September 15, 1905, the Montreal Gazette ran this notice:

CLOTHING FOR CHILDREN 

WESTMOUNT SOLDIERS WIVES LEAGUE MAKES REQUEST

"A special request was made at the meeting of the Westmount Soldiers' Wives' League yesterday morning for clothing for children about nine years old, and particularly for two overcoats for boys. The Soldiers' Comforts Committee asked for gramophone records, soap, writing pads and envelopes to be sent to the men at the front.

It was decided that instead of the three hundred pairs of socks previously voted for the fifth mounted rifles, that six hundred pairs would be sent. 

Tomorrow is the Red Cross sewing meeting of the League and, while last week's meeting was largely attended, the ladies would like it to be known that others would be welcome.  They have now ten sewing machines for the purpose of Red Cross work."

Sometime during 1915 the League edited and published a fundraising cookbook, imaginatively titled The Cook Book.  Chapters include witticisms such as "How to Preserve a Husband" and advice on "Good Rules for Housekeeping".   I wonder if Ida Rutherford or Minnie Scott contributed recipes?  Unfortunately, I can't find an image of it, but it is described in Culinary Landmarks:  A Bibliography of Canadian Cookbooks, 1825-1949 by Elizabeth Driver.

"The Cook Book.

Q86.1 1915

The/ cook book/ edited by the/ Westmount Soldiers'/ Wives' League/ Westmount Canada.

DESCRIPTION:  22.5 x 150 cm... Small tp illustration of soldier (2  cm high)...Thin card, with image on front, drawn in art-nouveau style, of a woman carrying a plate;  stapled...

Notes:  the aim  of publication, according to p 3,  was "to augment [the Leagues'] Treasury and provide further comforts, etc. for "Our soldier boys at the Front."  Arthur G. Racey...who did the cover design, was a cartoonist at the Montreal Star at the time The Cook Book was published.  Albert Samuel Brodeur, Alberic Bourgeois, Georges La Tour...and Napoleon Savard were book illustrators."   

 Towards the end of the year the League tackled another new enterprise.  This is from the Montreal Gazette, December 1, 1915:

FUND FOR WIDOWS

WESTMOUNT SOLDIERS' WIVES' LEAGUE MAKING PROVISION

"The Westmount Soldiers' Wives' League, at their meeting yesterday morning, voted $1,000 of the eighteen hundred of so which they cleared at their bazaar, as the nucleus of a fund for widows and orphans of soldiers.  They hope to add to this fund from time to time.

The sum of $25 was voted to Captain Bateman to be used for tobacco for the officers and men coming aboard the hospital ship of which he has charge, running between France and England.  

Arrangements were made to send five hundred pairs of socks to Lt-Col. Gunn for the men of the twenty-fourth and five hundred to Lt.-Col. Fisher for the twenty-third....as owing to the condition of the trenches a great many socks are required..."

Here's a snippet on the importance of lots and lots of socks in the trenches from the Australian history journal InsideHistory: 

“Woolen socks were vital during the war and had to be hand knitted to exact standards so they were seamless and comfortable. Aussie soldiers in the cold and muddy trenches needed a continuous supply of clean, dry socks to protect them against the debilitating ‘trench foot’ and they were often sent in ‘comfort boxes’ with cigarettes, food and mail. “The Library’s extensive WW1 collection includes over 900 diaries, with many entries revealing how socks were an obsession for many boys, along with letters and their pay.”

The League seems to have been a very business-like organization, whose mandate stretched as the War went on.  It seems that our women threw themselves into the cause within months of the War's declaration.  Ida (Bulmer) Rutherford chaired the first meeting, which suggests that she may have been  a driving force among Westmount society during her time.